Ngemuva komhla lu-1 kuJulayi, 2006, i-European Union iyaligodla ilungelo lokuhlola okungahleliwe kwemikhiqizo kagesi nekagesi ethengiswa emakethe.Uma umkhiqizo utholakala ungahambisani nezidingo ze-RoHs Directive, i-European Union inelungelo lokuthatha izinyathelo zokujezisa ezifana nokumiswa kokuthengisa, izigxivizo, nezinhlawulo..
Ngithintwe yilolu bhubhane, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yasekhaya kwezwe lami kukhuphuke kakhulu.Ngokwezibalo ezikhishwe yi-General Administration of Customs, ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla yasendlini eChina kwafinyelela ku-US$98.72 billion, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngama-22.3%.Imishini yasendlini nayo ibe ngeyesine ukwedlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 ngemuva kokudluliswa kwesekethe edidiyelwe, omakhalekhukhwini, namakhompyutha (okuhlanganisa nezincwadi zokubhalela) imikhiqizo ye-electromechanical (izibalo ezivela ku-China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Mechanical and Electrical Products, ukuthekeliswa kwemikhiqizo yasekhaya yezwe lami kuzoba amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-118.45 ngo-2021) Imikhiqizo yesilinganiso sokuthekelisa.
I-China ingomunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu bezinto zikagesi zasendlini.Imishini yasendlini ithunyelwa emazweni angaphezu kuka-200 (noma izifunda) emazwenikazi ayisithupha emhlabeni.I-Europe kanye neNyakatho Melika izimakethe zendabuko eziyinhloko zokuthunyelwa kwempahla yasekhaya yezwe lami.Ngemuva komhla lu-1 kuJulayi, 2006, i-European Union iyaligodla ilungelo lokuhlola okungahleliwe kwemikhiqizo kagesi nekagesi ethengiswa emakethe.Uma umkhiqizo utholakala ungahambisani nezidingo ze-RoHs Directive, i-European Union inelungelo lokuthatha izinyathelo zokujezisa ezifana nokumiswa kokuthengisa, izigxivizo, nezinhlawulo.Ngakho-ke, uma ukhiqiza, ungenisa noma usabalalisa izimpahla ezingaphansi kwalo Myalelo, okuqukethwe kwezinto eziyingozi emkhiqizweni akufanele kudlule amazinga avunyelwe.
1. Iyini i-RoHS Directive?Ukuze kuvunyelwane imithetho yamazwe angamalungu mayelana nokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziyingozi ezintweni zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, ukwenza kube sezingeni lezindinganiso zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinqubo zemikhiqizo kagesi neye-elekthronikhi, kuyenze ibe wusizo empilweni yabantu nasekuvikelweni kwemvelo, kanye nokusiza imfucuza. izinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi zithobelana nezidingo zezeMvelo zokuphinda zigaywe futhi zilahlwe, i-European Union yakhipha umyalelo wokuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithile eziyingozi ezintweni zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi (2002/95/EC) ngoJanuwari 23, 2003, okungukuthi, umyalelo we-RoHS udinga kusukela ngomhlaka-1 Julayi 2006 Kusukela lapho, zonke izinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ezithengiswa emakethe ye-EU kumele zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana nomthofu, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium ene-hexavalent, nezinqamuli zomlilo ezifana ne-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE). ) kanye ne-polybrominated biphenyl (PBB).Yathathelwa indawo ngo-2011 yi-Directive entsha (2011/65/EU).Umyalelo omusha uqale ukusebenza ngomhla ka-3 Januwari 2013, futhi umyalelo wokuqala wahoxiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo.Ngokwezinhlinzeko zomyalelo omusha, kusukela ngosuku lokuchithwa komyalelo wokuqala, yonke imikhiqizo engaphansi kophawu lwe-CE kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo ze-low voltage (LVD), ukuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic (EMC), imikhiqizo ehlobene namandla (ErP) kanye nomyalelo omusha we-RoHS ngasikhathi sinye.Ukungena emakethe ye-EU, izinkampani ezithumela izinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi ezweni eliku-EU zidinga ukuthobela imithetho ethile yezwe elithumelayo.
2. Kuyini okuqukethwe okubalulekile komyalelo omusha we-RoHS?Uma kuqhathaniswa nomyalelo wokuqala we-RoHS, okuqukethwe okubuyekeziwe kwe-RoHS entsha kubonakala ngokuyinhloko kulezi zici ezine ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, ububanzi bemikhiqizo elawulwayo bandisiwe.Ngokusekelwe ezigabeni eziyisishiyagalombili zemishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi elawulwa yisiyalelo sokuqala se-RoHS, inwetshiwe ukuze ifake izinto zezokwelapha nemishini yokuqapha.Cishe kuzo zonke izinto zokusebenza zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, izikhathi ezihlukene zokusebenza zicaciswe ezigabeni ezihlukene zemikhiqizo.Okwesibili, ngenisa indlela yokubuyekeza nokwengeza yohlu lwezinto ezikhawulelwe, ubuyekeze njalo futhi ubuyekeze izinto eziyingozi kanye nemikhawulo yazo, futhi wandise izinto ezikhawulelwe ngendlela eqinile.Lapho kukhethwa izinto ezikhawulelwe, kufanele futhi kuqashelwe ukusebenzisana neminye imithetho, ikakhulukazi izinto eziku-Annex XIV (SVHC Authorization List) kanye ne-Annex XVI (Uhlu Lwezinto Ezikhawulelwe) Somthethonqubo we-REACH, ngokubonisa ububanzi bezinto ezikhawulelwe ukuze zihlolwe esikhathini esizayo. .Vumela isikhathi esengeziwe nesiqondiso ukuze amabhizinisi akhethe ezinye izinto zokwakha.Okwesithathu, cacisa indlela yokukhululwa, nikeza izikhathi ezihlukene zokufaneleka zokukhululwa ezigabeni ezihlukene zemikhiqizo ukuze ukhuthaze amabhizinisi ukuthi athuthukise ezinye izindlela ezifanele, futhi alungise futhi abuyekeze isikhathi sokufaneleka sokukhululwa ngokuvumelana nesimo sangempela.Okwesine, okuhlobene ne-CE mark, ngokwezidingo zomyalelo omusha we-RoHS, izinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi akufanele zihlangabezane nezidingo ezilinganiselwe zezinto ezikhawulelwe, kodwa futhi zinamathisele umaki we-CE ngaphambi kokuwubeka emakethe.Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesiqondiso esidala nesisha se-RoHS
3. Ingakanani i-scope yemikhiqizo elawulwa yisiyalelo se-RoHS?
1. Imishini emikhulu yasendlini: iziqandisi, imishini yokuwasha, ohhavini bemicrowave, ama-air conditioner, njll., okuhlanganisa nezigaba ezintsha zomkhiqizo we-RoHS “igrill yegesi”, “uhhavini wegesi” kanye “nesifudumezi segesi”.
2. Imishini yasendlini encane: izinto zokuhlanza, izinsimbi zikagesi, ezomisa izinwele, ama-oven, amawashi, njll.
3. Ubuchwepheshe bolwazi nezinto zokuxhumana: amakhompyutha, imishini yefeksi, izingcingo, omakhalekhukhwini, njll.
4. Izinto ezisetshenziswa abasebenzisi: imisakazo, omabonakude, iziqopha-vidiyo, izinsimbi zomculo, njll., okuhlanganisa isigaba esisha somkhiqizo we-RoHS “ifenisha esebenza ngogesi”, njengokuthi “imibhede yokuphakamisa izandla” kanye “nokuphakamisa izihlalo ezihlezi”.
5. Imishini yokukhanyisa: Amalambu e-Fluorescent ngaphandle kokukhanyisa kwasendlini, njll., amadivaysi okulawula ukukhanyisa
6. Amathuluzi kagesi nawe-elekthronikhi (ngaphandle kwemishini emikhulu yezimboni enganyakazi): ama-drill kagesi, ama-lathes, i-welding, izifutho, njll.
7. Amathoyizi, izindawo zokungcebeleka kanye nemishini yezemidlalo: izimoto zikagesi, imishini yegeyimu yevidiyo, imishini yokugembula ezenzakalelayo, njll., okuhlanganisa isigaba esisha somkhiqizo we-RoHS “amathoyizi anemisebenzi emincane kagesi”, njengokuthi “ama-teddy bear akhulumayo” kanye “nama-teddy bear akhulumayo. "Izicathulo ezikhazimulayo".
8. Imishini yezokwelapha: i-radiation therapy, i-electrocardiogram tester, ithuluzi lokuhlaziya, njll.
9. Imishini yokuqapha nokulawula: imishini yokubona intuthu, ama-incubator, imishini yokuqapha yasefekthri nokulawula, njll.
10. Imishini yokuthengisa
11. Noma iyiphi enye i-EEE engekho ngaphansi kwalezi zigaba ezingenhla: Ngaphezu “kokushintsha kwamandla kagesi” kanye “nepotimende likagesi”, okuhlanganisa nesigaba esisha somkhiqizo we-RoHS “izingubo ezisebenza ngogesi”, njengokuthi “izimpahla ezishisayo” kanye "ikhazimula emanzini" amajakhethi okuphila".
Imikhiqizo elawulwa yisiqondiso se-RoHS ayihlanganisi kuphela imikhiqizo yomshini ephelele, kodwa futhi izingxenye, izinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokupakishwa okusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwemishini ephelele, ehlobene nalo lonke uchungechunge lokukhiqiza.
4. Yiziphi izimfuneko zezinto eziyingozi kanye nemikhawulo yazo?I-Athikili 4 yoMyalelo omusha we-RoHS ibeka ukuthi amazwe angamalungu kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo kagesi neye-elekthronikhi ebekwe emakethe, okuhlanganisa izintambo zazo nezisekeli ukuze zilungiswe noma zisetshenziswe kabusha, noma zibuyekeze imisebenzi yazo noma zandise umthamo wazo, aziqukethe umthofu (Pb) , i-mercury (Hg), i-cadmium (Cd), i-hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), i-polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) ne-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) nezinye izinto eziyingozi ezingu-6.Ngo-2015, kwakhishwa umyalelo obuyekeziwe 2015/863/EU, welula isiyalelo esisha se-RoHS, ukwandisa i-DEHP (2-ethylhexyl phthalate), BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate), DBP (dibutyl phthalate), DIBP (diisobutyl phthalate) Izinto ezine zamakhemikhali. ebizwa ngokuthi ama-phthalates, njengama-phthalates), afake ohlwini lwamakhemikhali avinjelwe.Ngemuva kokubuyekezwa komyalelo, izinhlobo zamakhemikhali ayingozi ezintweni zikagesi ezilawulwa yisiyalelo esisha se-RoHS zinyuselwe ku-10:
1. Umthofu (Pb) Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalesi sithako: i-solder, ingilazi, izinzinzisi ze-PVC 2. I-Mercury (Hg) (i-mercury) Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwale nto: ama-thermostats, izinzwa, amaswishi nama-relay, amalambu 3. I-Cadmium (Cd) ) Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalesi sithako: amaswishi, iziphethu, izixhumi, izindlu nama-PCB, abathintwayo, amabhethri 4. I-chromium ene-hexavalent (Cr 6+) Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwalesi sithako: Izindwangu zensimbi ezilwa nokugqwala Izibonelo zale nto: ama-flame retardants, Ama-PCB, izixhumi, izindlu zepulasitiki 6. I-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) Izibonelo zokusebenzisa le nto: ama-flame retardants, ama-PCB, izixhumi, izindlu zepulasitiki ethylhexyl ester) 8. BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate) 9. DBP (dibutyl phthalate) 10 DIBP. (i-diisobutyl phthalate)
Ngasikhathi sinye, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziyingozi ezintweni ezihambisanayo yilezi: umthofu ongadluli ku-0.1%, i-mercury engeqi ku-0.1%, i-cadmium engeqi ku-0.01%, i-chromium eyi-hexavalent engeqi ku-0.1%, ama-biphenyl e-polybrominated engeqi ku-0.1%, i-polybrominated diphenyl diphenyl ama-ethers angekho ngaphezu kuka-0.1%.Amakhemikhali amane amasha abizwa ngokuthi ama-phthalates engezwe ngomkhawulo ongu-0.1% lilinye.
5. Ithini inqubo yesicelo sokuqinisekisa?
■ Isinyathelo 1. Gcwalisa ifomu lokuhlola i-RoHS, elingalandwa esikhungweni sokuqinisekisa i-RoHS, noma lidawunilode kuwebhusayithi yesikhungo sokuqinisekisa i-RoHS, bese libuyiswa ngemva kokugcwalisa.■ Isinyathelo sesi-2. Ikhotheshini: Ngemva kokufaka isicelo, ikhasimende lithumela isampula (noma ukulethwa okucacile) ephikweni lokuqinisekisa, futhi iyunithi yokuqinisekisa ihlukanisa isampula ngokufanele ngokwezidingo, bese ibuyisela inani lokuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo kanye nemali yokuhlola ikhasimende.■ Isinyathelo sesi-3. Ngemva kokuba inkokhelo yamukelwe, ukuhlolwa kuzohlelwa.Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kuzoqedwa phakathi nesonto elilodwa.■ Isinyathelo sesi-4. Shicilela umbiko, ongalethwa nge-courier, ifeksi, i-imeyili noma umhloli mathupha.
6. Sibiza malini isitifiketi se-RoHS?Intengo yokuhlola ye-RoHS eqondile idinga inkampani ukuthi inikeze izithombe zomkhiqizo kanye nesikweletu sezinto zokwakha, kuya ngobunkimbinkimbi bomkhiqizo.Isitifiketi se-RoHS sihlukile kune-CCC, UL nezinye izitifiketi.Ihlola kuphela amasampula okuhlaziya amakhemikhali, ngakho-ke akukho ukuhlolwa kwefekthri.Uma imikhiqizo ingashintshiwe futhi namazinga okuhlola angabuyekezwa, ngeke kube khona ezinye izindleko zokulandelela.
7. Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukwenza isitifiketi se-ROHS?Njengamanje, isitifiketi se-RoHS sihlola ikakhulukazi izinto eziyisi-6 zomthofu, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-hexavalent chromium, i-PBB ne-PBDE.Imikhiqizo evamile ifaka isicelo sokuthola isitifiketi se-ROHS.Esicathulweni sokuthi amakhasimende ahlinzeka ngamasampula nezinto zokwakha, isikhathi sokuhlola i-RoHS semikhiqizo evamile siyizinsuku eziyi-7.
8. Isitifiketi se-ROHS sisebenza isikhathi esingakanani?Asikho isikhathi sokuqinisekisa esiyisibopho sesitifiketi se-ROHS.Uma izinga lokuhlola lesitifiketi se-ROHS lingabuyekezwanga ngokusemthethweni, isitifiketi soqobo se-ROHS singasebenza isikhathi eside.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-09-2022